英语语法总结

　

英语 语法

一．名词

I. 名词的种类：

专有名词	普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称	可数名词		不可数名词
	个体名词	集体名词	抽象名词	物质名词

II. 名词的数：

1. 规则名词的复数形式：

名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：

规则			例词
1	一般情况在词尾加-s		map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2	以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es		class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3	以-f或-fe结尾的词	变-f和-fe为v再加-es	leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
		加-s	belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4	以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es		party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5	以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s		toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6	以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词	一般加-es	hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
		不少外来词加-s	piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
		两者皆可	zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7	以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s		radio-radiOS, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8	以-th结尾的名词加-s		truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,

归纳一下就是以s,x,ch,sh,f,fe,辅音加y,辅音加o这几个变化

可数与不可数可以让学生理解字面意思数的清和数不清，brainstorm将可以想到的不可数名词讲出来

2. 不规则名词复数：

英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：

规则			例词
1	改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式		man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2	单复数相同		sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3	只有复数形式		ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4	一些集体名词总是用作复数		people, police, cattle, staff
5	部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）		audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6	复数形式表示特别含义		customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7	表示“某国人”	加-s	Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
		单复数同形	Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
		以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women	Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8	合成名词	将主体名词变为复数	sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
		无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数	grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
		将两部分变为复数	women singers, men servants

III. 名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。

1. ’s所有格的构成：

单数名词在末尾加’s		the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
复数名词	一般在末尾加’	the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
	不规则复数名词后加’s	the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’		Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s		Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s		Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略		the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s

2. ’s所有格的用法：

１	表示时间	today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2	表示自然现象	the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3	表示国家城市等地方的名词	the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
4	表示工作群体	the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
5	表示度量衡及价值	a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of APPles
6	与人类活动有特殊关系的名词	the life’s time, the play’s plot
7	某些固定词组	a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)

3. of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students

用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed

简单说所有格就是：Of用于无生命，长定语，其余情况用s

对于名词的教授：不能只是简单地罗列这些知识点，可以加入英汉两种语言的不同来解释，让学生不那么反感记这些知识点：

总体上讲，英语讲究形式，汉语讲究语义。英语是百炼钢，汉语是绕指柔。好比西餐与中餐，西餐需要各种工具，量杯都有十几种，各种刀具，烹饪时也基本依据菜谱，菜谱上对各种材料有严格的标准，盐5克，鸡蛋45克，一只打出来超过45克剩下的宁愿扔掉。全世界的麦当劳都可以是一个味。而中餐呢？我们的菜谱常常是盐少许，醋适量，每个厨师做出来的回锅肉都不同，只要味道正了，管他盐是5克还是50克呢。

词法讲究形式体现在每一类词都有很明显的特征。如形容词ful、al等结尾、副词ly结尾,tion多半是名词。词的不同类别有不同形式。而汉语也有某一类词有相同特征，但这种相同的特征是指的意义。意义相近才可能有相近的形。如跟草相关的有草字头。这就引申出汉语语义的重要。

句法讲究形式体现在动词的变位、代词的人称变化、形容词副词的级、名词有数有格等。形式上要求的，要严格遵守。汉语大多的变化体现在语义上。你去，我也去（将来时）你去过了（过去式）。单音节词可以随意转化为双音节词，加上缩略的高使用频率，让汉语的柔性突显。我们要学习语法就必须理解英语里形式规则的重要。汉语是意思到位了，形式可以忽略不计，而英语非也，形式十分考究，分的很细致。不能理解此点的在学英语时很容易受汉语思维的负迁移。Negative language transfer

这其中的缘由大概要追溯到中西文化上，西方文化源于希腊文明，这是一种期待将世界用一种最直观、能用数学表达的最注重个体的文明。所以他们发明了几何学，并认为可以用几何来解释一切。几何是研究空间结构的学问，所以基于这种文化的语言都非常讲究结构、形式。三角形和圆形坚决不可以混淆，所以学习英语的朋友一定要重点掌握结构和形式。而中国传统文化是注重实用的，关注现实生活，不做纯抽象的思辨。我们不讨论先有鸡还是先有蛋，我们只关注鸡蛋有营养，鸡肉很美味。我们最早的理论——阴阳学说也是基于对世界的观察得出的结论。所以汉字是有意义的文字，每个字的创造都基于现实生活。日月就是天上太阳月亮的形状，看就是手放在额头的姿势。所以汉语没有特别的结构，语言嘛本是用来交流的，大家能听懂就行了。汉语的语法基本是用意思来表达的。所以按照我们的思维会说出这样的句子he love dog大家都明白意义但是这是一个犯了很多语法错误的句子。

二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。

I. 不定冠词的用法：

1	指一类人或事，相当于a kind of	A plane is a machine that can fly.
2	第一次提及某人某物，非特指	A boy is waiting for you.
3	表示“每一”相当于every，one	We study eight hours a day.
4	表示“相同”相当于the same	We are nearly of an age.
5	用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事	A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6	用于固定词组中	A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7	用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后	This room is rather a big one.
8	用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后	She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.

II. 定冠词的用法：

1	表示某一类人或物	The horse is a useful animal.
2	用于世上独一无二的事物名词前	the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3	表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事	Would you mind opening the door?
4	用于乐器前面	play the violin, play the guitar
5	用于形容词和分词前表示一类人	the reach, the living, the wounded
6	表示“一家人”或“夫妇”	the Greens, the Wangs
7	用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前	He is the taller of the two children.
8	用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前	the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9	用于表示发明物的单数名词前	The compass was invented in China.
10	在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代	in the 1990’s
11	用于表示单位的名词前	I hired the car by the hour.
12	用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前	He patted me on the shoulder.

III. 零冠词的用法：

1	专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前	Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2	名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制	I want this book, not that one. /  Whose purse is this?
3	季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前	March, Sunday, National Day, Spring
4	表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前	Lincoln was made President of America.
5	学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前	He likes playing football/chess.
6	与by连用表示交通工具的名词前	by train, by air, by land
7	以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时	hUSBand and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8	表示泛指的复数名词前	Horses are useful animals.

冠词的教授：

冠词article这个词的翻译非常到位，一个冠字道出了这类词的位置和作用。首先放在名词前面，作用是起说明作用的。冠说明的是佩戴者的身份和地位。即是单身还是已婚，是屌丝还是高富帅，是长相平平还是出类拔萃。

Indefinite article: a/an: 单个、第一次、一类、相同

Definite article: 独一无二、都了解、最高级、乐器（高大上的东西）、一家人、夫妻、有共同特征的一类人

Zero article：介乎以上两者之间的中性的词：人名，地名、物名、季节、月份、学科

三．代词：

I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：

1	人称代词	主格	I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
		宾格	me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2	物主代词	形容词性	my, your, his, her, its, our, their
		名词性	mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3	反身代词		myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4	指示代词		this, that, these, those, such, some
5	疑问代词		who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
6	关系代词		that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7	不定代词		one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,
			other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

II. 不定代词用法注意点：

1. one, some与any:

1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。

One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.

I have some questions to ask.

2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。

would you like some bananas?   Could you give me some money?

3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。

I have read this article in some magazine.    Please correct the mistakes, if any.

4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school.    Do you feel any better today?

2. each和every:

each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。

Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.

Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.

3. none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。

There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None.

None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.

4. other和another:

 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：

He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：

I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).  

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.

Some like football, while others like basketball.

5. all和both, neither和either

 all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.

 All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.

 Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

代词的讲解：

人称代词概念和汉语一样，不同的是英语多了一个人称代词宾格，在介词和动词后面的人称代词变位宾格objective case.

物主代词中的形容词性物主代词和汉语没有差别，但是多了个名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词

在人称代词的讲解中插入英汉主语的区别。主语作为谓语陈述的对象，是一种名词性句法成分，表示谓语陈述的人、物、事情、事件及其他可以作为谓语陈述对象的概念。

中国文化强调实用，为我所用，所以主语常常以 “人” 为中心，多用人做主语。而英语不同，主语的内容非常丰富。这点差距造成的结果就是中国学生在进行英语写作的时候常常是汉语的人做主语的思维，所以写出来的句子让老外觉得很无趣，因为句句都是I开头。漂亮的英语讲究变化的主语，不喜欢排比这样的修辞方式。

下面这个游戏可以练习物主代词的所有格形成：例如说要练习的是某人最喜欢的颜色，Amy说：“Jim` s favorite color is blue and mine is yellow”下一个学生接着说：“ Jim’s favorite color is blue and mine is yellow and green.”按正确的顺序记住最多内容的那个学生或两个搭档是游戏的胜利者。这个游戏通过连续不断的重复提供了发音练习，了解了新学单词所代表的意思，还学了名词性物主代词“mine”的使用方法，当然在游戏开始的阶段，使用到的单词一定要经过仔细的控制，彩排并将其置于上下文中学习才能避免儿童盲目地重复他人的话语却并不明白自己所讲的话的意思，这样才达到训练的准确性。

All   any  none 三个（或者以上）全都、三个中任意一个、三个都不

Both  either  neither 两个都、两者中任意一个、两个都不

Every 是三个及以上的每一个 each是两个里面的每一个

He has three sons, all of whom are clever. 他有三个儿子，都很聪明。

He has three sons, any of whom is clever. 他有三个儿子，哪个都很聪明。

He has three sons, none of whom are clever. 他有三个儿子，个个都不聪明。

He has two sons, both of whom are clever. 他有两个儿子，都很聪明。

He has two sons, either of whom is clever. 他有两个儿子，哪个都很聪明。

He has two sons, neither of whom is clever. 他有两个儿子，两个都不聪明。

最常拿来辨析的either 和neither

Neither前面有个no里面的n,判断是都不,很多n开头的单词都有小；否定;忽视这样的意思nit虱卵；nick pick: be overly critical吹毛求疵

两个词用在肯定句中很容易区分意思，either是两个中的任意一个，neither是两者都不。

You may use either book．两本书你可以随便用一本。  

Neither answer is right． 两个答案都不对。  

Either of the knives is useful． 两把刀都有用。  

Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard． 他们两人身体都不好

在否定句中，either用作副词。表示“也（不）”；neither通常用在句子（或简略答语）的开头，表示“也不”，其后要用倒装语序（即：将主语放在助动词、情态动词、连系动词be之后）。如：  

I don’t speak French. She doesn’t, either．  

(＝Neither I nor she speaks French．) 我不会讲法语，她也不会讲法语。  

If she won’t go, neither shall I．  

(＝If she won’t go, I won’t, either．) 要是她不去，我也不去。

英语中有大量的同义词比较，利用数学符号和表述或者其他符号可节约大量记忆细胞。图示法：other，another，the other，the others，others的区别：

○—● one…the other,

○—○●○ one…another ,

○—●●● one…the others,

○○○○—●●● some…the others ,

○○○○—●●●○○○○ some…others.

  all≥3 ,  both=2， none=0

英语中的个体和集体是分得很清楚的，这一点体现在all/every, both/each汉语中意思基本一致但是英语中就是集体和个体的区别，体现在谓语动词上用单数还是复数。

All ●●●  any●/●/●  none○○○

both●●   each●/●  either●/○  neither○○

四．形容词和副词

I. 形容词：

1. 形容词的位置：

1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：

1	修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时	nobody absent, everything possible
2	以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后	the best book available, the only solution possible
3	alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置	the only person awake
4	和空间、时间、单位连用时	a bridge 50 meters long
5	成对的形容词可以后置	a huge room simple and beautiful
6	形容词短语一般后置	a man difficult to get on with

2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：

代词		数词		性状形容词
冠词前的形容词	冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格	序数词	基数词	性质 状态	大小 长短 形状	新旧 温度	颜色	国籍 产地	材料 质地	名词
all both such	the a this another your	second next	one four	beautiful good poor	large short square	new cool	black yellow	Chinese London	silk stone

3) 复合形容词的构成：

1	形容词+名词+ed	kind-hearted	6	名词+形容词	world-famous
2	形容词+形容词	dark-blue	7	名词+现在分词	peace-loving
3	形容词+现在分词	ordinary-looking	8	名词+过去分词	snow-covered
4	副词+现在分词	hard-working	9	数词+名词+ed	three-egged
5	副词+过去分词	newly-built	10	数词+名词	twenty-year

II. 副词

副词的分类：

1	时间副词	soon, now, early, finally, once, recently	5	频度副词	always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2	地点副词	here, nearby, outside, upwards, above	6	疑问副词	how, where, when, why
3	方式副词	hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really	7	连接副词	how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4	程度副词	almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather	8	关系副词	when, where, why

III. 形容词和副词比较等级：

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.

2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。

3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.

4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.

5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：

Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.

6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。

讲解比较级额和最高级可以用大家都熟知的娱乐人物来举例子，将例句写出来后让学生自己总结规律。

双冰四旦 —— 演技acting skill  颜值 face

或者带上我的中国地图，比较各个省份

五．介词

I. 介词分类：

1	简单介词	about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on
2	合成介词	inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without
3	短语介词	according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
4	双重介词	from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
5	分词转化成的介词	considering(就而论), including
6	形容词转化成的介词	like, unlike, near, next, opposite

II. 常用介词区别：

1	表示时间的in, on, at	at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关
2	表示时间的since, from	since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始
3	表示时间的in, after	in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中
4	表示地理位置的in, on, to	in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外
5	表示“在…上”的on, in	on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分
6	表示“穿过”的through, across	through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关
7	表示“关于”的about, on	about指涉及到，on指专门论述
8	between与among的区别	between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间
9	besides与except的区别	besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首
10	表示“用”的in, with	with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音
11	as与like的区别	as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似
12	in与into区别	in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置

in和at表示地点时，除了有地点大小之外的区分，还有：in表示“在某个立方体内”，所谓立方体环境是指周围有东西环绕。即便是一个平面位置，如果周围有墙或篱笆等，也可看为立体环境。而at表示的位置是”某一点”。

在学习过程中可以准备一个盒子和一个类似球的东西来说明方位。

六．动词

I. 动词的时态：

1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：

	现在时	过去时	将来时	过去将来时（一般主句或者从句有过去时间提醒）
一般	ask / asks	asked	shall/will ask	should/would ask
进行	am/is/are asking	was/were asking	shall/will be asking	should/would be asking
完成	have/has asked	had asked	shall/will have asked（by+时间）	should/would have asked
完成进行	have/has been asking	had been asking	shall/will have been asking（同上，只是是一直持续的动作）	should/would have been asking

2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：

I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)

2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：

I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)

I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）

3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。

4. 一般将来时的表达方式：

	将来时	用法	例句
1	will/shall+动词原形	表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态	My sister will be ten next year.
2	be going to+动词原形	含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事	It’s going to clear up. We’re going to have a party tonight.
3	be + doing 进行时表示将来	go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作	He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe?
4	be about to + 动词原形	表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语	I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.
5	be to + 动词原形	表示按计划进行或征求对方意见	We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
6	一般现在时表示将来	时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来	The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening.

II. 动词的被动语态：

	常用被动语态	构成		常用被动语态	构成
1	一般现在时	am/is/are asked	6	过去进行时	was/were being asked
2	一般过去时	was/were asked	7	现在完成时	have/has been asked
3	一般将来时	shall/will be asked	8	过去完成时	had been asked
4	过去将来时	should/would be asked	9	将来完成时	will/would have been asked
5	现在进行时	am/is/are being asked	10	含有情态动词的	can/must/may be asked
注 意 事 项	被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
	汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that…            It is generally considered that…           It is said that… It is well known that…         It must be pointed out that…              It is supposed that… It is reported that…            It must be admitted that…                It is hoped that…
	下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing.          The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act.            The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.
	下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
	在英语口语中，常用现在进行时表示按计划、安排、打算，不久将发生的动作，常与go, stay, leave, start, arrive等动词连用。 例：1、where are you traveling to?你将到哪个地方去旅行？ 2、how are you getting there?你如何到那里去？ 3、I’m coming to see you tonight.今晚我来看你。 上述所谓的语法规定，没有哪本英语语法书不会写不会说。但是，为什么有这样的规定呢？它的原因或理由是什么呢？结果是：几乎所有英语大师集体无语。 原因是：通常可以这样使用的动词都是些表示明确的位移意义的动词。而这类动词作谓语用它的进行体表示通常的意义往往是不成立的。比如：我们不能用“Sb be leaving someplace” 来表达“某人正在离开某地。”的意义。注意，此时如果我们用它来表示“某人即将离开某地。”也就不会让人理解成“某人正在离开某地。”的意义了，因为这个意义是不成立的。因此也就不会引起歧义。在此，或许我还要进一步反证一下：为什么不能用“we are studying English.”来表达“我们即将学习英语”，用“he is running .”来表达“他即将要跑”这些意义呢，显然，这两句话本身有“我们正在学英语”及“他正在跑”的意义，会引起歧义，这当然是英语的创造者所不愿意看到的结果。当然，这种表达方手段仍然是不太符合规范的英语表达模式的，这也正是这种用法也只能用于英语口语中的原因。

在初中英语时态教学中引入数轴

http://www.chinaqking.com 期刊门户-中国期刊网2011-1-28来源:《学英语》（初中教师版）2010年第19期供稿文/徐亚杰

[导读]一般现在时可用来表明说话人相信一个事实过去是真的、现在是真的，将来还是真的，至于说话人是否正确并不重要

陕西西安市阎良区西飞二中   徐亚杰

由于汉语中的时态仅仅是通过应用不同的时间副词来进行改变，而英语中的时态则是通过动词的变化来表达，这就加大了中国初中生学习英语时态的难度。为了便于学生掌握复杂的英语时态，我通过在教学中引入数轴，极大地提高了学生对英语时态的掌握。下面就在时态教学中数轴的应用进行举例阐述。

一、 一般现在时（Simple Present）

1. 表示重复的动作

一般现在时可用来表示一个不断重复或经常发生的动作。这个动作可以是一种习惯、一个爱好、日常发生的事情、计划的事情或者时常发生的事情。例如：

I play tennis.

She does not play tennis. 

The train leaves every morning at 8 am.

2. 表示事实或概括

一般现在时可用来表明说话人相信一个事实过去是真的、现在是真的，将来还是真的，至于说话人是否正确并不重要。例如：

Cats like milk.

Birds do not like milk.

New York is a small city.

二、 现在进行时（Present Continuous）

构成：am / is / are + V-ing

例如：I am watching TV.

He is quickly learning the language.

1. 表示现在正在进行

现在进行时通过使用延续性动词来表达某件事情此时此刻正在发生，也可用来表示否定。例如：

You are learning English now.

I am not standing.

What are you doing?

2. 表示某一时间段中一件事情的进行过程

现在进行时可以用来表示一段时间中一个延续较长时间的动作的进行过程，它并不表示我们在说话时也正在做这件事。例如：

I am studying to become a doctor.

I am not reading any books right now.

Are you working on any special projects at work?

3. 表示不远的将来将要发生的事情

例如：I am meeting some friends after work.

I am not going to the party tonight.

Is he visiting his parents next weekend?

三、 一般过去时（Simple Past）

构成：V+ed

例如：I visited my friends.

I often visited my friends.

1. 表示过去已经完成的动作

一般过去时表示某个动作在过去某一时间开始并结束。说话人可能不提确切的时间，但一定有一个确切的时间。例如：

I saw a movie yesterday.

Last year, I didn't travel to Japan.

2. 表示过去完成了的一系列事情，这些事情一般按顺序完成

例如： I walked to the beach and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00 and met other people.

3. 表示单一的持续动作

表示一个动作在过去的某个时间开始并延续一段时间后结束，通常与表示时间的短语 for two years, for five minutes, all day 或all year 等连用。例如：

I lived in Brazil for two years.

Shelley studied Japanese for five years.

They sat at the beach all day.

四、过去进行时（Past Continuous）

构成：was / were + V-ing

例如：I was studying when she called.

I was carefully picking up the snake when it bit me.

1. 表示过去被打扰了的动作

表示过去一个延续的动作被打扰，打扰这一动作的时态通常用一般过去时。例如：

I was watching TV when she called.

While we were having a picnic, it started to rain.

2. 表示过去某一时间正在干某事

例如：Last night at 6 pm, I was eating dinner.

At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.

3. 平行动作

表示两个或两个以上的动作同时发生。例如：

I was studying while he was making dinner.

While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.

五、一般将来时（Simple Future）

构成1：will + V

例如： I will help him later.

I will never help him.

构成2：am / is / are + going to + V

例如： He is going to meet Jane tonight.

He is definitely going to meet Jane tonight.

像所有的将来时一样，一般将来时不能用在以when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if和unless引导的从句中。例如：

When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. (Correct) 

When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. (Not Correct)

1. will 用来表达自愿的行动。例如：

A: I'm really hungry.

B: I'll make some sandwiches.

A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.

B: I'll get you some coffee.

2. be going to 表示计划，常用来表明某人打算将来做某事。例如：

He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

We are going to meet each other tonight at 6:00 pm.

3. will 和be going to 都可用来表示预测。例如：

The year 2000 will be a very interesting year.

The year 2000 is going to be a very interesting year

六、现在完成时（Present Perfect）

构成：has / have + past participle

例如：I have seen that movie many times.

I have never seen that movie.

1. 表示事情在过去某一时间发生

表示事情在过去某一时间发生，确切时间并不重要。不能与表示确切时间的时间状语如yesterday, last week或when I was a child等连用。但可以和ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already 和 yet 连用。例如：

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

People have traveled to the moon.

2. 表示从过去某一时间一直延续到现在的动作（非延续性动词）

对于有些非延续性动词，可以用现在完成时表示某事从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在。常用for five minutes, for two weeks和since Tuesday等时间状语。例如：

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

从对以上几种时态的讲解我们可以看出，通过在时态教学中引入数轴，可以更加直观地讲解时态，并有助于学生理解、学习各种时态。只要教师在教学中灵活应用数轴，就一定会对时态教学起到极大的帮助作用。

英语中的动词是很变态的，我说的变态不是你们想的那样啊，是除了时态经常要变，语态也有主被动之分，所以时刻都要准备变态。被动语态在汉语中和时态一样是用一些虚词来表达，而英语则是严格的形式上的变化。

七．情态动词

I. 情态动词基本用法：

情态动词	用法	否定式	疑问式与简答
can	能力（体力，智力，技能） 允许或许可（口语中常用） 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）	can not / cannot /can’t do	Can…do…? Yes,…can. No,…can’t.
could		couldn’t do
may	可以（问句中表示请求） 可能，或许（表推测） 祝愿（用于倒装句中）	may not do	May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might		might not do	Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not.
must	必须，应该（表主观要求） 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）	must not/mustn’t do	Must…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to.
have to	只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）	don’t have to do	Do…have to do…? Yes,…do.  No,…don’t.
ought to	应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should	ought not to/oughtn’t to do	Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
shall	将要，会 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等	shall not/shan’t do	Shall…do…? Yes,…shall.  No,…shan’t.
should	应当，应该（表义务责任） 本该（含有责备意味）	should not/shouldn’t do	Should…do…?
will	意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉	will not/won’t do	Will…do…? Yes,…will.  No,…won’t.
would		would not/wouldn’t do
dare	敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）	dare not/daren’t do	Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
need	需要 必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）	need not/needn’t do	Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.
used to	过去常常（现在已不再）	used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do	Used…to do…? Yes,…used.  No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did.  No,…didn’t.

II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：

以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。

1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.

2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。

He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.

3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。

The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)

III. 情态动词注意点：

1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。

2. used to和would:  used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。

3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?

做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do

情态动词的讲解：情态动词Modal verbs是一种很特殊的词，他的用法妙解：情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的语气或态度，表示可能、义务、必要、猜测等。但本身词义不全，不能单独作谓语，必须与动词原形一起才能作谓语。情态动词无人称和数的变化。每个情态动词都有自己的具体含义和特点。情态动词一般无事态变化，但是 can、dare、may、will 这四个词有过去式（could、dared、might、would）。情态动词有can、may、must、should、ought to、will、need、dare等。

所以他像小情人一样，感情很丰富细腻，必须依附在一个男人身上，这个男人就是动词，没有独自闯荡的本事。因为她的依附特质所以自己无法对人生做出任何改变，所以她没有动词一样的人称和数的变化。

巧记1：情态动词：

       情态动词不一般，一定记住二特点；

       动词原形接后边，表示情感语气婉；

       一般疑问很简单，情动移到句子前；

       变成否定也不难，情动之后not添。

典例：Though he is a child,he can speak two foreign lanfuages.

　尽管他是个孩子，但他能说两种外语。

You needn’t come here this evening.你今晚不必来这儿了。

八．非谓语动词

I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：

非谓语形式		构成				特征和作用
		时态和语态		否定式	复合结构
不定式		to do to be doing to have done	to be done to have been done	在非谓语前加not	for sb. to do sth.	具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语
分词	现在分词	doing having done	being done having been done			具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语
	过去分词	done
动名词		doing having done	being done having been done		sb’s doing	具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语

II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：

情况		常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词		hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语		mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
		can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以	意义基本相同	begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
		need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
	意义相反	stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
	意义不同	remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）	go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事）
		try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）	mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意识是，意味着）
		can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）

III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：

	常见动词	与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念	例句
不定式	ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage	主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成	I heard him call me several times.
	have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
现在分词	notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel	主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成	I found her listening to the radio.
过去分词		动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态	We found the village greatly changed.

IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：

	区别	举例
不定式	与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生	I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed.
动名词	通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系	Shall we go to the swimming pool?
现在分词	与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生	the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves
过去分词	与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成

V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：

	区别	举例
不定式	多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。	My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)
动名词	与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。	It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job.
分词	无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。	The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. (常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)

非谓语动词的讲解：

在汉语中我们对于这样的句子习以为常：我看见他在看你。这句话中，有两个动作，我看和他看。他看是作为我看的内容，所以这两个动作不是并列的。在英语中，充当谓语的，只能是一个动词，并列的两个动作除外。除开谓语之外的动词就要相应的变化形式来充当各种成分。这样的不做谓语的动词我们成为非谓语动词。动词后面只能加doing的比较少，所以可以记忆一下。还有少部分动词to do和doing都可以加，意义不同。

九．定语从句

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。

关系词		先行词	从句成分	例句	备注
关系代词	who	人	主语	Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?	whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
	whom	人	宾语	Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
	whose	人，物	定语	I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
	that	人，物	主语，宾语	A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
	which	物	主语，宾语	The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
	as	人，物	主语，宾语	He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.	as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词	when	时间	时间状语	I will never forget the day when we met there.	可用on which
	where	地点	地点状语	This is the house where I was born.	可用in which
	why	原因	原因状语	I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.	可用for which

II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：

情况	用法说明	例句
只用that的情况	先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 先行词既指人又指物时 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时	1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况	在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。	He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.

III. as与which的区别：

定语从句	区别	例句
限制性定语从句中	名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which	He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定语从句中	as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。	They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.

IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：

类别	语法意义及特征	例句
限制性定语从句	对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。	The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定语从句	对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。	His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.

定语从句的讲解：

这是中英文的主要区别之一，是掌握英语长难句的关键所在。他的重要性就像那句诗里描绘的，当你的英语学习陷入山穷水尽疑无路之际，这个定语从句时帮你找到柳暗花明又一村的关键。当你想用英语表达更丰富的意思是，没有定语从句的表达是苍白的。所以英语从初级上升到高级的关键点就是定语从句了。也就是说你的英语瞬间高大上了。举个例子：上海是一个拥有迷人夜景的国际大都市。不用定语从句只能表达为：shanghai is an international metropolis. Its night view is enchanting. 而有了定语从句这剂灵丹妙药之后就成了shanghai is an international metropolis whose night view is enchanting.

定语从句就是解决汉语里的“的”的语法点。当什么什么的这个部分是一个句子并且用来起限定作用的就是用定语从句的时候。

在讲解从句的时候插入英汉两种句子结构的差别：

既然英语特别讲究结构，我们就来看看两种语言的结构到底有什么质的区别：英汉句子结构对比：树式/竹式结树式结构和竹式结构是英汉两种语言组织句子的最基本的规律。树式结构是以整驭零的封闭性结构，竹式结构是以零聚整的开放性结构。

一、英语的树式结构

句子有一个主干。这个主干就是主谓一致结构。

所有树杈都是从主干上分出来的。英语六大成分分有三个层次：主谓为主要成分，对于所有句型不可或缺；宾补是连带成分，对于某些句型不可或缺；定状是附加成分。

英语句子的扩展或复杂化是在主干上进行，不改变主干。

英语句子的分析顺序：先切分主谓，再切分谓语部分，然后切分附加成分。而从句就是除了主谓意外的各种成分，这些成分的结构是一个完整的句子结构

二、汉语的竹式结构

汉语不存在一个主干结构，也没有主干和树杈之分。

汉语句子的构造方式就像竹子一节一节地，这样的竹节可多可少，是开放性的。构成句子的竹节可能是词、词组、分句。

不存在主干的汉语句子，在扩展的时候会引起结构的不断变化。

  梅花/一朵梅花/鬓边斜插一朵梅花/红颜小姐鬓边斜插一朵梅花/邻居家红颜小姐……

汉语句子的扩展方向多向左，英语句子的扩展方向多向右。

刘宓庆：汉语基本句具有句首开放性open-beginning和句尾收缩性或封闭性contracting or closed ending。而英语句子恰恰相反，具有句首封闭性和句尾开放性。所以在翻译定语从句的时候，要把这些起限制作用的成分往前翻译。

十．名词性从句

种类	作用	常用关联词	例句
主语从句	在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后	that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever	Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much. Whoever comes here will be welcome.
表语从句	在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后		It looks as if it is going to snow.
宾语从句	在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词		He asked me which team could win the game.
同位语从句	放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容		You have no idea how worried we are. The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.

十一．状语从句

种类	连接词	注意点
时间状语	when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly	主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
地点状语	where, wherever
原因状语	because, as, since, now that	because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。
条件状语	if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that	从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替
目的状语	so that, in order that, for fear that	so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词
结果状语	so…that, such…that
比较状语	than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more
方式状语	as if, as though, as	as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。
让步状语	though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever	as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用

十二．倒装句

种类	倒装条件	例句
完全倒装	here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调	Out rushed the children.
	表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首	Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
	强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡	Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.
部分倒装	never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首	Hardly did I know what had happened.
	only和修饰的状语放于句首	Only then did he realized the importance of English.
	not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒	Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
	neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装	Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
	so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒	So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.
	as引导的让步状语	Child as he is, he has learned a lot.
	so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。	He can play the piano. So can i.
	用于表示祝愿的祈使句中	May you be in good health!
	省略if的虚拟条件	Were I you, I would not do it in this way.

倒装算是英语中很令人费解的难点。在这里可以引进英汉语序的差别

语序也是英汉差别比较大的地方，汉语不讲究形式很容易被人误认为在语序上也相对比较随意，事实上汉语的语序比英语讲究。

汉语的逻辑律

汉语是语义型语言，在语言组织中语义搭配是决定语序的最重要手段。一个个语音语义片段是一颗颗分散的珠子，需要一根线将它们串起来，这根线就是逻辑，由人的思维逻辑决定语音语义片段安排的先后顺序。

逻辑律的第一个表现：时序上的先后律

构词：古今早晚先后教学兴亡生死父子子孙老少

成语：春夏秋冬冬去春来一朝一夕穿针引线

时间表达：1995年10月13日下午3时

汉语所谓连动、兼语，大都按时间顺序：进城卖菜、送他上路、去医院看病

逻辑律的第二个表现：空间上的上下-大小律。即从大到小、从上到下、从整体到局部的顺序，符合人观察周围世界的逻辑顺序。

构词：大小宽窄粗细胖瘦远近高低上下长短深浅厚薄明暗房屋床铺

地址：山东省青岛市青岛大学师范学院英语系2011级一班

心理上的重轻律：尊卑词序不容颠倒

构词：天地日月左右父母中外内外贵贱

重要的先说，次要后说，造成话题句（语义重点）。

   怎么了，你？

把字句：将要强调的部分提到动词前“把”字后。

   我把书还了。

并列性修饰语的次序：高大的汉子/大高个的汉子，现代中国文学/中国现代文学

事理上的因果律：先因后果、先假设后可能、先条件后结果。汉语复句基本上都是先从后主，即表示原因、条件、假设等一律在前，表示结果等一律在后。当把原因、条件等看做补充说明时，根据心理上的重轻律，可以把它们放在主句之后。

And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.

如果她知道他有这样的母亲，他出生在这样的地方，他出生在这样的人中间，他知道该有多么丢人。

汉语的声调对词和短语的语序起重要作用。

汉语并列双音词的组成十之八九按“阴平、阳平、阴上、阳上、阴去、阳去、阴入、阳入”这四声八调的次序排列：身体牛马烟酒 街道云贵 衣帽肢体

成语：平仄、四声八调、阴阳上去

阴阳上去：生财有道山盟海誓诸如此类

英语的形态律

英语也讲逻辑，其逻辑性也很强，但其逻辑性是通过形态（包括虚词）来实现的。比如AB两个动作都发生在过去，而A发生在B之前，所以A用过去式，B用过去完成时。但是因为形式上有逻辑就行了，导致英语在我们理解的逻辑上就乱得一塌糊涂：英语短语和从句作修饰语可前可后，就说汉语中的“的”可前可后；主谓可以倒装、宾语前置都不会被误解；还可以先有结果再谈条件。这也是让我们觉得很无奈的一面。

名词短语

在英语和汉语中，主语和谓语的顺序是一致的，都是主语在前，谓语在后。但是除了主语和谓语之外，名词短语也是英语句子的重要组成部分，是由名词和它的修饰语一起构成。修饰语的位置不外乎两种：放在名词前面，我们称之为前置定语或者定语；二是放在名词后面，我们称之为后置定语。前面的修饰语有两种，一种是限定词，限定范围。第二种是形容词，用来表示性质和特征。更复杂的是后置定语。一个名词可以带的后置定语有很多种类，包括定语从句、同位语从句、分词短语、不定式、介词短语、形容词短语和副词短语等

修饰名词的定语有个公式：左二右六

限定词+形容词+名词+六类后置定语（定语从句、同位语从句、分词短语、不定式、介词短语、形容词短语和副词短语）

在英语中，大部分的修饰语放在名词后，而汉语是在前，因此，英语和汉语在名词和其修饰语的语序上差不多是反过来的。

十三．虚拟语气

类别	用法		例句
If引导的条件从句	与现在事实相反	从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形	If he were here, he would help us.
	与过去事实相反	从句动词：had+过去分词 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词	If I had been free, I would have visited you.
	与将来事实相反	从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形	If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
其它状语从句	as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式		They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
	in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might / would等+动词原形		Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.
宾语从句	demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形		He suggested that we not change our mind.
	wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反		I wish I could be a pop singer.
主语从句	在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形		It is strange that such a person should be our friends.
其它句型中	It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形		It’s high time that we left.
	would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式		I would rather you stayed at home now.
	If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望		If only our dream had come true!

十四．重要句型

1. It was not until midnightthat he finished his task.
2. Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again.
3. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
4. He walked around the house, gun in hand.
5. May you be in good health!
6. Wish you a pleasant journey back home!
7. The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes.
8. What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.
9. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.
10. Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher.
11. On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.
12. Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud.
13. No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatrethan(when) the play started.
14. Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.
15. How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!
16. There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room.
17. Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.
18. There goes the bell.
19. Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.
20. It is no use crying for help.
21. If only I had been your student in the middle school!
22. It is believed that such a thing will not happen again.
23. Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this.
24. “He works particularly hard.”  “So he does, and so do you.”
25. Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.
26. Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.

十五．动词搭配

1. add to增加，增进 

 add … to把…加进…

 add up相加 

 add up to总计，所有这一切说明

 1) I don't think these facts will ________ anything.

 2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library.

 3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.

 4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.

 ( add up to, added to, add to, added…up )

2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉

 break down出毛病

own出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开

 break off暂停，中断

 break in强行进入，插话 

 break into闯入

break into pieces成为碎片

 break out爆发

 break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散

 break through突破

 1) The criminal managed to break _______  ______ the police and ran into the woods.

 2) When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.

 3) Don't break ________ while others are speaking.

 4) Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee?

 5) When does school break ________?

 6) After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.

 ( away from, down, in, off, up, up )

3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出 

 bring about造成 

 bring out拿出，出版 

 bring in引入，引进，挣钱

 bring back使回想起

 bring down使下降，使倒下

 1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars.

 2) The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.

 3) The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays.

 4) Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding?

 5) The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan.

 6) We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting.

 7) The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.

 8) Next month they will  bring ________ a new edition of  the book.

 ( down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out )

4. call on号召，拜访（某人） 

 call at拜访、参观（某地）

 call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要

 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍

 call in召集，请某人来

 call out大喊，高叫

 call off取消，不举行

 1) Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.

 2) Please wait for me at home. I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight.

 3) The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.

 4) He called her name __________, but she didn't answer.

 5) The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain.

 ( in, for, at, out, off)

5. come about发生，出现

 come down下跌，落，降，传下来 

 come in进来

 come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)

 come on来临/ 快点 

 come out出版，结果是 

 come along一道来，赶快

 come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是 

 come over走过来

 come up发芽，走近 

 come across偶然碰到 

 come back回想起

 come from来自，源自

 1) I come _________ the book I lent you last month.

 2) How did it come _________ that you both got lost? I thought you had a map.

 3) It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before.

 4) Come __________ now, or else we shall be late.

 5) He came __________ me like a tiger.

 6) The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year.

 7) The word came __________ use many years ago.

 8) When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job.

 9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.

 10) I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come __________ yet.

 ( for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up )

6. cut across抄近路

 cut down砍倒，削减 

 cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系 

 cut up连根拔除，切碎 

 through剪断，凿穿

 cut out删（省）掉，戒掉 

 cut in插嘴 

 1) Don't cut ___ this tree. It will be very shady in summer.

 2) You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness.

 3) We decided to cut _________ the moor（旷野） to the village.

 4) Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.

 5) The electricity was cut ___________ when the lady refused to pay the bill.

 6) We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________.

（down, down, across, up, off, in ）

7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）

 die from死于（意外事故、情形）

 die away渐渐消逝

 die out绝种

 die down(炉火)渐熄

 die off逐一死去

8. fall behind落后 

 fall over one's feet 跌跤

 fall down掉下，跌倒 

 fall back撤退，后退

 1) Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk.

 2) Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.

 3) As soon as the enemies fell __________, the people returned to their village.

 4) She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken.

（down, behind, back, over ）   

9. go in for从事，喜爱，参加 

 go through通过，经受

 go over复习，检查

 go up（价格）上涨，建造起来

 go after追捕，追赶

 go against违反

 go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧

 go away离开

 go by时间过去

 go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉

 go on(with)继续进行

 go with相配，陪同

 go without没有，缺少

 go out外出，熄灭

 go all out全力以赴

 go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应

 go back on背约，食言

 go beyond超出

 1) Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years.

 2) Rents have gone __________ greatly recently.

 3) Many years have gone ___________ since we first met.

 4) Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______.

 5) His actions went ___________ the will of the people,

 6) I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty.

 7) Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination.

 8) The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.

 9) The buyer went ___________ the car carefully before reaching a decision.   

 10) This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt.

 11) If you think you can solve the problem, go ______.

 12) Many students went __________ playing basketball.

 (up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, in for )

10. get down下来，记下，使沮丧

get down to致力于，专心于

  get on进展，进步，穿上，上车

  get off脱下,下车

  get in收集，插（话） 

  get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假

  get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 

  get along with进展，相处

  get up起床

  get through打通电话，完成，通过 

  get round消息传开

  get close to sth. 接近，几乎

  get into (trouble)

  get to (know)

  get back取回，收回

  get out

  1) She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said.

  2) We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.

  3) The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it.

  4) When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema.

  5) After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business.

  6) Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.

  7) It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience.

  (down, over, round, through, down, in, over)

11. give away赠送，泄露，出卖 

  give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 

  give off发出（光、热、气体）

  give in (to sb.) 屈服

  give up放弃，让（座位）

  1) His accent at last gave him __________.

  2) The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.

  3) The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners.

  4) The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies.

  5) Who will help me to give the books ___________?

  6) Don't believe in those who give his friends ________.

  7) After a long walk, my strength gave ____________.

  (away, off, out, up, out, away, out)

12. hand in交上，提交

  hand out分发 

  hand down流传，遗传

13. hang about闲逛

  hang up挂电话

14. hold back阻止，隐瞒 

  hold up举起，使停顿 

  hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 

  hold out持续，坚持，伸出 

  hold down控制，镇压

  1) I'm sure he is holding something _________.

  2) She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left. Then she cried.

  3) Tell him to hold ________ a moment. I'll come soon.

  4) Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days.

  5) The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.

  6) These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population.

  7) Hold ___________ your left arm, please.

  (back, back, on, out, up, down, up)

15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持，

  keep up with跟上

  keep off (grass)不接近，离开 

  keep away from避开，不接近，离…远远的

  keep out of

  keep to (rules, promise)坚持，遵守    

  keep on继续，坚持下来

  keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下

  keep from克制，阻止

  1) The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her.

  2) I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words.

  3) Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.

  4) I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done.

  5) "Don't touch me," screamed the woman, "Keep __________!"

  6) Keep _________ until you succeed.

  7) Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end.

  8) The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.

  9) Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game.

  10) I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing.

  (away, back, from, from, off, on, up, out, to, up)

16. knock at/on敲

  knock into撞到某人身上

  knock down撞倒

  knock out of把…敲出

  knock over撞倒

  knock off停止工作，休息

  1) The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________.

  2) The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day.

  3) Try knocking __________ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.

  4) He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there.

  (down, off, on, into)

17. leave for离开前往

  leave out删去，遗漏 

  leave behind遗留,忘记拿走 

  leave to留给，遗嘱赠于

  leave over遗留，剩下，延期

  1) "Whose name has been left __________?" demanded the teacher.

  2) When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece.

  3) He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________.

  4) Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow.

  5) Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow.

  6) Those are questions left _________ by history.

  (out, to, behind, over, over, over)

18. look up查找，向上看 

  look through翻阅，浏览

  look on旁观

  look on…as看作

  look into调查 

  look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找

  look out(for)当心 

  look about / around/round四下查看

  look down upon瞧不起

  look back upon回忆，回顾

  look ab. up and down仔细打量某人

look ab in the face/eyes直视某人

  1) I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers.

  2)Look _______! There is a big hole in front.

  3) He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for him.

  4) The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.

  5) She was so snobbish（势利）that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours.

  6) The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible.

  7) He looked __________ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing.

  (through, out, on, back, down, into, about/around/round)

19. make up编造，配制，打扮，组成

  make up for弥补 

  make into / of / from 制成

  make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）

  make for走向，驶往，促使

  1) Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit?

  2) I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London?

  3) My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.

  4) We must make the loss _________ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for

the damage he had done.

  5) He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe.

  6) Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is.

  (into, for, out, up/up, up, out)

20. pass away去世

  pass by经过

  pass down(on)…to传给

  pass through经历

  pass over漠视，忽视

  1) The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather.

  2) The man passed ___________ last week in peace.

  3) We are passing ____________ difficult times.

  4) The secretary passed ___________ the details in the first part of his report.

  (down, away, through, over)

21. pay back还钱，报复

  pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应

  pay off还清

  1) How much did you pay __________ the dictionary?

  2) You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me.

  3) I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行) against me.

  4) Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today.

  5) Has she pay ____________ the debt yet?

 （for, back, back, for, off）

22. pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language

 /knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health)

  pick out挑选，辨认，看出

  1) I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue.

  2) My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.

  3) The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks.

  4) She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes.

  5) I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.

  6) Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio?

  7) He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly.

  (up, up, up, out, out, up, up)

  pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词

23. put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下

  put up with忍受

  put out伸出，扑灭

  put off推迟

  put into放进，翻译

  put away放好，存钱

  put down记下，平息

  put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed)

  put forward 提出，提前

  put through 接通电话

  put aside放到一边

  put back放回

  1) He put _________ half his wage every week.

  2) The government soon put __________ the revolt（暴乱）.

  3) Put your watch __________. It's slow.

  4) He put __________ his hand for me to shake.

  5). Please put me __________ to Extension（分机）2.

  6) We put ___________ for night at the village inn.

  7) He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.（摆架子）

  8) We had a telephone put _____________ in our office.

  9) I can't put __________ with your laziness.

  (away, down, forward, out, through, up, on, up, up)

24. pull down拆掉，推翻      pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱

  pull in进站               pull out取出,(火车)离站

  pull down往下拉,拆毁         pull over驶到一边

  pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境    pull up（使）停住

  1) The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.

  2) All the old houses here have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to be built.

  3) The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn.

  4) The doctor thinks the man will pull __________.

  5) The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights.

  (out, down, over, through, up)

25. push over推倒，刮倒

  push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去

  push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过

  1) We've decided to push __________ with our plan to build a new road

  2) Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.

  3) They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost..

  4) Take care not to push the baby _________.

  5) They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us.

  (on, over, through, over, through )  

26. run across偶然碰到      run after追逐，追捕

  run away逃跑           run for竞选

  run into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞

  run out of用完

  1) If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day.

  2) I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.

  3) Our water has run __________. Can you fill up some more bottles?

  4) Why do you always run __________ adventure?

  5) He didn't want to run ___________ president that year.

  6) In that way you will only run __________ difficulties.

  ( into, across/into, out, after, for, into)

27. see off送行

  see through看透，识破

  see to照料，照管

28. send for派人去请

  send off送行

  send out发出（光亮）等

  send up发射

29. set up建立 

  set off出发，触发，引起 

  set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述 

  set about开始着手(doing) 

  set to work(n.)开始做

  set back拨回，使推迟

  1) I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.

  2) We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.

  3) We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then.

  4) I set __________ to advise him not to drink.

  5) What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report?

  6) The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him.

  7) The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.（抗议） 

  (back, about, off/out, out, out, up, off)

30. take off脱掉，起飞         take on呈现 雇佣

  take away拿走             take in吸收，领会

  take up从事，占用（时间空间） 

  take down记录，取下       take back收回

  take for误认为             take along随身带 

  take over接管              take out

  1) I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty.

  2) He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems.

  3) At first I took him _________ a doctor.

  4) I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught.

  5) Bill has now taken __________ his father's business.

  6) My job takes __________ most of my time.

  7) The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company.

  (back, down, for, in, over, up, on)

  take charge of负责, take sth. for granted想当然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以… ……为自豪, take the place of, 代替take turns to do轮流做, take office就职

31. think of想起                think of…as把…看作

  think out想出               think up想出 

  think about考虑             think over仔细考虑 

  think well of sb. 对某人看法好

32. turn off / on打开

  turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转 

  turn out证明为，结果，制造成品

  turn to转向，求助

  turn down调低，拒绝 

  turn against变得敌视，反对

  turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去

  turn back返回，转回去

  turn round转过身来

  turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大

  turn in上缴

  turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟

  1) The child turned __________ its mother for comfort.

  2) Turn ___________ and let me see your face.

  3) However much he turned the problem ________ in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution.

  4) The English evening party turned _________ a great success.

  5) The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______.

  6) The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned __________.

  7) The army turned him ___________ on account of (因为) his poor health.

  8) She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse.

  9) Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow.

  10) The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby.

  11) The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.

  (to, round, over, out, away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out)

文章最后发布于: 2019-01-06 19:55:14

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